diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 289543a14..775fa162b 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@
   it. It used to be skipped. It is summed per day, charted, listed with your
   measurements, included in backups and exports, and readable over MCP. It
   feeds no score and no insight. (#1340)
+- When the Coach looks for readings older than the lookback limit you set
+  for it, its live trail now says so on the wire: the `step` and `activity`
+  frames carry `reason: "outside_reach"` instead of looking like an empty
+  window. The native client can then tell "nothing in this window" from
+  "further back than the Coach may read". The answer still names the limit,
+  and the web trail keeps its wording.
 
 ### Fixed
 
diff --git a/docs/api/openapi.yaml b/docs/api/openapi.yaml
index 0e0af558f..8a90d5d6a 100644
--- a/docs/api/openapi.yaml
+++ b/docs/api/openapi.yaml
@@ -62336,6 +62336,7 @@ components:
           enum:
             - no_data
             - outside_window
+            - outside_reach
             - module_disabled
             - retrieval_failed
             - invalid_arguments
@@ -62355,7 +62356,10 @@ components:
       additionalProperties: false
       description: "One thing the Coach read on a turn. Sent live as `step` frames that upsert by `id` (`running`, then `done`
         / `empty` / `failed`), and persisted on `metricSource.steps`. Catalog labels, domains, windows and counts only:
-        never free text, an analyte name or a value."
+        never free text, an analyte name or a value. `reason` says why a step found nothing or failed: `outside_window`
+        means no readings in the window read, `outside_reach` that readings exist but all lie past the lookback limit
+        set for the Coach (the answer names the limit). A client without a string for a reason shows the step without
+        one."
     CoachStepDomain:
       type: string
       enum:
@@ -62916,6 +62920,10 @@ components:
             - time
             - cap
             - no_progress
+        reason:
+          type: string
+          enum:
+            - outside_reach
       required:
         - id
         - phase
@@ -62926,7 +62934,8 @@ components:
       additionalProperties: false
       description: "v1.41 — one entry of a turn's trail as persisted on `metricSource.activity`: phase, status, round, catalog
         label, counts. The model-written title and text are behind `GET
-        /api/insights/chat/{id}/messages/{messageId}/trail`."
+        /api/insights/chat/{id}/messages/{messageId}/trail`. `reason` is set only on a settled `fetch` entry whose
+        readings all lie past the lookback limit set for the Coach (`outside_reach`), mirroring the step it stands for."
     CoachStop:
       type: object
       properties:
@@ -63536,6 +63545,10 @@ components:
             - time
             - cap
             - no_progress
+        reason:
+          type: string
+          enum:
+            - outside_reach
         title:
           description: A screened reasoning title or checkpoint sentence.
           type: string
diff --git a/src/app/api/insights/chat/__tests__/dialog-harness.ts b/src/app/api/insights/chat/__tests__/dialog-harness.ts
index 178ef3964..5eebdfe1c 100644
--- a/src/app/api/insights/chat/__tests__/dialog-harness.ts
+++ b/src/app/api/insights/chat/__tests__/dialog-harness.ts
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ export interface DialogWorld {
   resultsWithheld: boolean;
   /** The provider's rounds, consumed in order. */
   script: ScriptRound[];
+  /** The stored `User.coachPrefsJson`; null is the defaults. */
+  coachPrefs: Record<string, unknown> | null;
 }
 
 export const world: DialogWorld = {
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ export const world: DialogWorld = {
   storedProvenance: {},
   resultsWithheld: false,
   script: [],
+  coachPrefs: null,
 };
 
 /** Everything the scripted provider was sent and answered, in order. */
@@ -412,6 +415,7 @@ export function resetDialog(): void {
   world.storedProvenance = {};
   world.resultsWithheld = false;
   world.script = [];
+  world.coachPrefs = null;
   providerCalls.length = 0;
   messageSeq = 0;
   for (const fn of Object.values(m)) fn.mockReset();
@@ -465,7 +469,7 @@ export const modules = {
     prisma: {
       user: {
         findUnique: async () => ({
-          coachPrefsJson: null,
+          coachPrefsJson: world.coachPrefs,
           displayName: null,
           aiResponseTimeoutSeconds: null,
         }),
diff --git a/src/app/api/insights/chat/__tests__/route-activity.test.ts b/src/app/api/insights/chat/__tests__/route-activity.test.ts
index 04c689803..0b16502a4 100644
--- a/src/app/api/insights/chat/__tests__/route-activity.test.ts
+++ b/src/app/api/insights/chat/__tests__/route-activity.test.ts
@@ -171,6 +171,62 @@ describe("the live trail", () => {
     expect(interim).toBeLessThan(firstToken);
   });
 
+  it("names a read past the lookback limit on its step and its fetch entry", async () => {
+    world.coachPrefs = { defaultWindow: "last7days" };
+    world.script = [
+      { calls: [{ name: "get_day", args: { date: "2026-06-01" } }] },
+      { text: "That day lies beyond the lookback limit you set." },
+    ];
+    const { status, frames } = await h.postTurn(post, {
+      message: "What happened on 1 June?",
+      locale: "en",
+    });
+    expect(status).toBe(200);
+    const step = framesOf<{ step: { id: string; status: string } }>(
+      frames,
+      "step",
+    )
+      .map((f) => f.step)
+      .at(-1);
+    expect(step).toMatchObject({
+      tool: "get_day",
+      status: "empty",
+      reason: "outside_reach",
+    });
+    const fetch = framesOf<{ activity: CoachActivity }>(frames, "activity")
+      .map((f) => f.activity)
+      .filter((a) => a.phase === "fetch")
+      .at(-1);
+    expect(fetch).toMatchObject({
+      status: "empty",
+      stepRef: step?.id,
+      reason: "outside_reach",
+    });
+  });
+
+  it("names no reason on a fetch inside the limit", async () => {
+    world.script = [
+      {
+        calls: [
+          {
+            name: "get_metric_table",
+            args: { metric: "bp", window: "last30days" },
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+      { text: "Steady. result:r1" },
+    ];
+    const { frames } = await h.postTurn(post, {
+      message: "How was my blood pressure?",
+      locale: "en",
+    });
+    const fetches = framesOf<{ activity: CoachActivity }>(frames, "activity")
+      .map((f) => f.activity)
+      .filter((a) => a.phase === "fetch");
+    expect(fetches.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    for (const entry of fetches) expect(entry).not.toHaveProperty("reason");
+  });
+
   it("persists the structure on the provenance and the text in the trail", async () => {
     world.script = [
       {
diff --git a/src/components/insights/coach-panel/__tests__/turn-activity.test.tsx b/src/components/insights/coach-panel/__tests__/turn-activity.test.tsx
index 2c8257529..992e7e2dd 100644
--- a/src/components/insights/coach-panel/__tests__/turn-activity.test.tsx
+++ b/src/components/insights/coach-panel/__tests__/turn-activity.test.tsx
@@ -102,6 +102,14 @@ describe("describeStep", () => {
     ]);
   });
 
+  it("keeps the window sentence on a read past the lookback limit", () => {
+    const reach: CoachStep = { ...SLEEP, reason: "outside_reach" };
+    expect(describeStep(reach, t, tCount).meta).toEqual([
+      "last 30 days",
+      "no readings in this window",
+    ]);
+  });
+
   it("counts metrics on the snapshot step and rows on labs", () => {
     const snapshot: CoachStep = {
       id: "s1",
diff --git a/src/lib/ai/coach/__tests__/method.test.ts b/src/lib/ai/coach/__tests__/method.test.ts
index 765e75a71..4dad700cf 100644
--- a/src/lib/ai/coach/__tests__/method.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ai/coach/__tests__/method.test.ts
@@ -83,6 +83,31 @@ describe("buildMethod", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("keeps the window sentence for a read past the lookback limit", () => {
+    const method = buildMethod({
+      steps: [
+        step({
+          id: "s1",
+          tool: "get_sleep",
+          domain: "sleep",
+          window: "last30days",
+          status: "empty",
+          reason: "outside_reach",
+        }),
+      ],
+      results: [],
+      locale: "en",
+    });
+    expect(method?.text).toBe(
+      "Sleep, last 30 days: no readings in this window",
+    );
+    expect(method?.entries[0]).toEqual({
+      domain: "sleep",
+      window: "last30days",
+      absent: "outside_window",
+    });
+  });
+
   it("says totals for a summed metric and a rate for compliance", () => {
     const method = buildMethod({
       steps: [
diff --git a/src/lib/ai/coach/activity/__tests__/recorder.test.ts b/src/lib/ai/coach/activity/__tests__/recorder.test.ts
index a00dcc4c9..319f34ac5 100644
--- a/src/lib/ai/coach/activity/__tests__/recorder.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ai/coach/activity/__tests__/recorder.test.ts
@@ -62,6 +62,30 @@ describe("createActivityRecorder", () => {
     });
   });
 
+  it("names a fetch past the lookback limit on the entry and its metadata", () => {
+    const { rec, frames } = recorder();
+    const reach = rec.start({
+      phase: "fetch",
+      round: 1,
+      ...fetchActivityLabel("en", { domain: "weight", window: "last90days" }),
+      stepRef: "s1",
+    });
+    rec.finish(reach, "empty", { reason: "outside_reach" });
+    const plain = rec.start({
+      phase: "fetch",
+      round: 1,
+      ...fetchActivityLabel("en", { domain: "pulse", window: "last90days" }),
+      stepRef: "s2",
+    });
+    rec.finish(plain, "empty");
+    expect(
+      frames.find((f) => f.id === reach && f.status === "empty"),
+    ).toMatchObject({ reason: "outside_reach" });
+    expect(frames.at(-1)).not.toHaveProperty("reason");
+    expect(rec.meta()[0]).toMatchObject({ reason: "outside_reach" });
+    expect(rec.meta()[1]).not.toHaveProperty("reason");
+  });
+
   it("drops a title that prescribes a dose and keeps the catalog label", () => {
     const { rec, frames } = recorder();
     const id = rec.start({
diff --git a/src/lib/ai/coach/activity/contract.ts b/src/lib/ai/coach/activity/contract.ts
index d4b4d65e2..893131e50 100644
--- a/src/lib/ai/coach/activity/contract.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ai/coach/activity/contract.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import type {
   CoachActivityMeta,
   CoachActivityPhase,
+  CoachStep,
   CoachStepStatus,
   CoachStopReason,
   CoachTrail,
@@ -67,6 +68,27 @@ export interface ActivityPatch {
   labelKey?: string;
   label?: string;
   count?: number;
+  /** Why a settled fetch found nothing, when it is a reason the trail names. */
+  reason?: CoachActivityMeta["reason"];
+}
+
+/**
+ * How a `fetch` entry closes for the step it stands for: the step's status
+ * (`done` for one that never settled), its count, and `outside_reach` when
+ * the step says its readings all lie past the lookback limit. Any other
+ * step reason stays on the step.
+ */
+export function settledFetch(
+  status: CoachStepStatus,
+  step: Pick<CoachStep, "count" | "reason"> | null,
+): [Exclude<CoachStepStatus, "running">, ActivityPatch] {
+  return [
+    status === "running" ? "done" : status,
+    {
+      ...(step?.count !== undefined ? { count: step.count } : {}),
+      ...(step?.reason === "outside_reach" ? { reason: step.reason } : {}),
+    },
+  ];
 }
 
 export interface ActivityRecorder {
diff --git a/src/lib/ai/coach/activity/recorder.ts b/src/lib/ai/coach/activity/recorder.ts
index b30ea238a..eac14e8c8 100644
--- a/src/lib/ai/coach/activity/recorder.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ai/coach/activity/recorder.ts
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ export function createActivityRecorder(args: {
     if (patch.count !== undefined && Number.isSafeInteger(patch.count)) {
       entry.meta.count = Math.max(0, patch.count);
     }
+    if (patch.reason === "outside_reach") entry.meta.reason = patch.reason;
     if (patch.title !== undefined) {
       const title = screenActivityTitle(patch.title, args.screen);
       if (title) entry.title = title;
diff --git a/src/lib/ai/coach/dialog-keys.ts b/src/lib/ai/coach/dialog-keys.ts
index 091b17a52..12a420f1d 100644
--- a/src/lib/ai/coach/dialog-keys.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ai/coach/dialog-keys.ts
@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ export const COACH_STEP_REASON_KEYS: Readonly<Record<CoachStepReason, string>> =
   {
     no_data: "coach.step.reason.noData",
     outside_window: "coach.step.reason.outsideWindow",
+    // The web trail keeps the window sentence; the answer names the limit.
+    outside_reach: "coach.step.reason.outsideWindow",
     module_disabled: "coach.step.reason.moduleDisabled",
     retrieval_failed: "coach.step.reason.retrievalFailed",
     invalid_arguments: "coach.step.reason.invalidArguments",
diff --git a/src/lib/ai/coach/method.ts b/src/lib/ai/coach/method.ts
index f9fad6201..3618a0794 100644
--- a/src/lib/ai/coach/method.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ai/coach/method.ts
@@ -145,8 +145,12 @@ function collectEntries(
       ...(granularity ? { granularity } : {}),
     };
     if (step.status === "empty") {
-      if (step.reason && ABSENT_REASONS.has(step.reason)) {
-        add({ ...base, absent: step.reason as Absent });
+      // Past the lookback limit the method line keeps the window sentence,
+      // as it always has; the answer names the limit.
+      const reason =
+        step.reason === "outside_reach" ? "outside_window" : step.reason;
+      if (reason && ABSENT_REASONS.has(reason)) {
+        add({ ...base, absent: reason as Absent });
       }
       continue;
     }
diff --git a/src/lib/ai/coach/step-reasons.ts b/src/lib/ai/coach/step-reasons.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a79954d9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib/ai/coach/step-reasons.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/**
+ * Why a Coach step found nothing or failed: the one list behind the
+ * `CoachStepReason` type and the `step` frame's schema.
+ *
+ * `outside_window`: no readings in the window read. `outside_reach`: readings
+ * exist, all of them older than the lookback limit set for the Coach; the
+ * answer names the limit, and a method entry says `outside_window` for it.
+ *
+ * Client-safe: no server import.
+ */
+export const COACH_STEP_REASONS = [
+  "no_data",
+  "outside_window",
+  "outside_reach",
+  "module_disabled",
+  "retrieval_failed",
+  "invalid_arguments",
+] as const;
diff --git a/src/lib/ai/coach/stream-events.ts b/src/lib/ai/coach/stream-events.ts
index db31aad96..d4bce0bb3 100644
--- a/src/lib/ai/coach/stream-events.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ai/coach/stream-events.ts
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import {
   SUGGESTED_ACTION_TYPES,
   type CheckupIntervalId,
 } from "@/lib/ai/coach/suggest-action";
+import { COACH_STEP_REASONS } from "@/lib/ai/coach/step-reasons";
 import { COACH_TOOL_NAMES } from "@/lib/ai/coach/tools/definitions";
 import {
   COACH_MEMORY_CATEGORIES,
@@ -100,15 +101,7 @@ export const coachStepSchema = z
       .int()
       .optional()
       .describe("Readings or rows the server counted. Never a health value."),
-    reason: z
-      .enum([
-        "no_data",
-        "outside_window",
-        "module_disabled",
-        "retrieval_failed",
-        "invalid_arguments",
-      ])
-      .optional(),
+    reason: z.enum(COACH_STEP_REASONS).optional(),
     resultRef: resultRefSchema
       .optional()
       .describe("The table this step produced (`r1`..), when it produced one."),
@@ -123,7 +116,7 @@ export const coachStepSchema = z
   .meta({
     id: "CoachStep",
     description:
-      "One thing the Coach read on a turn. Sent live as `step` frames that upsert by `id` (`running`, then `done` / `empty` / `failed`), and persisted on `metricSource.steps`. Catalog labels, domains, windows and counts only: never free text, an analyte name or a value.",
+      "One thing the Coach read on a turn. Sent live as `step` frames that upsert by `id` (`running`, then `done` / `empty` / `failed`), and persisted on `metricSource.steps`. Catalog labels, domains, windows and counts only: never free text, an analyte name or a value. `reason` says why a step found nothing or failed: `outside_window` means no readings in the window read, `outside_reach` that readings exist but all lie past the lookback limit set for the Coach (the answer names the limit). A client without a string for a reason shows the step without one.",
   });
 
 // ── Results ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -464,12 +457,13 @@ const coachActivityMetaShape = {
     .describe("Readings, lookups or entries the server counted."),
   durationMs: z.number().int().optional(),
   stop: coachStopReasonSchema.optional().describe("Set on the `stop` entry."),
+  reason: z.enum(["outside_reach"]).optional(),
 };
 
 export const coachActivityMetaSchema = z.object(coachActivityMetaShape).meta({
   id: "CoachActivityMeta",
   description:
-    "v1.41 — one entry of a turn's trail as persisted on `metricSource.activity`: phase, status, round, catalog label, counts. The model-written title and text are behind `GET /api/insights/chat/{id}/messages/{messageId}/trail`.",
+    "v1.41 — one entry of a turn's trail as persisted on `metricSource.activity`: phase, status, round, catalog label, counts. The model-written title and text are behind `GET /api/insights/chat/{id}/messages/{messageId}/trail`. `reason` is set only on a settled `fetch` entry whose readings all lie past the lookback limit set for the Coach (`outside_reach`), mirroring the step it stands for.",
 });
 
 export const coachActivitySchema = z
diff --git a/src/lib/ai/coach/turn/__tests__/steps.test.ts b/src/lib/ai/coach/turn/__tests__/steps.test.ts
index 06a297fbf..cd471944a 100644
--- a/src/lib/ai/coach/turn/__tests__/steps.test.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ai/coach/turn/__tests__/steps.test.ts
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ const STATUSES = new Set(["running", "done", "empty", "failed"]);
 const REASONS = new Set([
   "no_data",
   "outside_window",
+  "outside_reach",
   "module_disabled",
   "retrieval_failed",
   "invalid_arguments",
@@ -218,6 +219,7 @@ function fuzzResult(r: () => number): CoachToolResult | undefined {
   const reasons = [
     "no_data",
     "outside_window",
+    "outside_reach",
     "unavailable_in_scope",
     "no_data_unconfirmed",
     "retrieval_failed",
@@ -416,6 +418,10 @@ describe("toStep — mapping", () => {
         },
       }),
     ).toMatchObject({ status: "empty", reason: "outside_window", count: 40 });
+    // Past the lookback limit: its own reason, and no figure from the rows.
+    const reach = at("outside_reach");
+    expect(reach).toMatchObject({ status: "empty", reason: "outside_reach" });
+    expect(reach).not.toHaveProperty("count");
     expect(at("retrieval_failed")).toMatchObject({
       status: "failed",
       reason: "retrieval_failed",
diff --git a/src/lib/ai/coach/turn/model.ts b/src/lib/ai/coach/turn/model.ts
index 4f5ce6707..79799537b 100644
--- a/src/lib/ai/coach/turn/model.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ai/coach/turn/model.ts
@@ -54,7 +54,10 @@ import type {
   CoachStop,
 } from "@/lib/ai/coach/types";
 import type { AiToolCall } from "@/lib/ai/types";
-import type { ActivityRecorder } from "@/lib/ai/coach/activity/contract";
+import {
+  settledFetch,
+  type ActivityRecorder,
+} from "@/lib/ai/coach/activity/contract";
 import {
   createActivityRecorder,
   type TurnActivityRecorder,
@@ -518,11 +521,7 @@ export async function runTurnModel(args: {
           steps.record(step);
           const entry = fetches.get(index);
           const status = step?.status ?? (result.present ? "done" : "empty");
-          if (entry) {
-            activity.finish(entry.id, status === "running" ? "done" : status, {
-              ...(step?.count !== undefined ? { count: step.count } : {}),
-            });
-          }
+          if (entry) activity.finish(entry.id, ...settledFetch(status, step));
           const reads = roundReads.get(round) ?? [];
           reads.push({
             count: step?.count ?? 0,
diff --git a/src/lib/ai/coach/turn/steps.ts b/src/lib/ai/coach/turn/steps.ts
index 09b6153df..b62ca8cea 100644
--- a/src/lib/ai/coach/turn/steps.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ai/coach/turn/steps.ts
@@ -119,9 +119,9 @@ const MISS: Readonly<
   no_data: { status: "empty", reason: "no_data" },
   analyte_not_found: { status: "empty", reason: "no_data" },
   outside_window: { status: "empty", reason: "outside_window" },
-  // Beyond the lookback limit: to the person, "no readings in this window"
-  // is the true sentence; the limit itself is named in the answer.
-  outside_reach: { status: "empty", reason: "outside_window" },
+  // Beyond the lookback limit: the readings exist, the limit keeps them
+  // out. Its own reason, so a trail can say so; the answer names the limit.
+  outside_reach: { status: "empty", reason: "outside_reach" },
   module_disabled: { status: "empty", reason: "module_disabled" },
   retrieval_failed: { status: "failed", reason: "retrieval_failed" },
   no_data_unconfirmed: { status: "failed", reason: "retrieval_failed" },
diff --git a/src/lib/ai/coach/types.ts b/src/lib/ai/coach/types.ts
index 322c72c89..0f3777aa4 100644
--- a/src/lib/ai/coach/types.ts
+++ b/src/lib/ai/coach/types.ts
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import { z } from "zod/v4";
 import { locales } from "@/lib/i18n/config";
 
 import { COACH_SCOPE_SOURCES } from "./scope-sources";
+import type { COACH_STEP_REASONS } from "./step-reasons";
 
 import type { AiUnavailableReason } from "@/lib/ai/capabilities/types";
 import type { CoachSuggestedAction } from "./suggest-action";
@@ -339,8 +340,9 @@ export interface CoachActivityMeta {
   /** Readings, lookups or remembered entries the server counted. */
   count?: number;
   durationMs?: number;
-  /** Set on the `stop` entry. */
+  /** `stop`: on the stop entry. `reason`: a fetch past the lookback limit. */
   stop?: CoachStopReason;
+  reason?: "outside_reach";
 }
 
 /** One trail entry on the wire: the metadata plus the owner-only model text. */
@@ -446,13 +448,8 @@ export type CoachStepDomain =
   | "day"
   | "snapshot";
 
-/** Why a step or a method entry found nothing. */
-export type CoachStepReason =
-  | "no_data"
-  | "outside_window"
-  | "module_disabled"
-  | "retrieval_failed"
-  | "invalid_arguments";
+/** Why a step or a method entry found nothing (`step-reasons.ts`). */
+export type CoachStepReason = (typeof COACH_STEP_REASONS)[number];
 
 export interface CoachStep {
   /** `s1`..`s64`, unique within a turn; frames upsert by id. */